I had not anticipated that my initial foray into this topic would create quite so much buzz. While there are only four comments (thus far) on the original blog post, there were numerous comments on Facebook and many more private emails that I have fielded in the past week. I am beginning to suspect that this will be far more than a four-part series, and may indeed require a book.
All that said, I have realized that I need to change my game plan a bit, and the first part of that change is to discuss why Catholic theologian converts tend to use the word “convert” at all, the subject of this week’s post. Next week’s post, then, will get a bit into some of the academic discussion about conversion. At that point, maybe I’ll get back to the game plan I mentioned in the first post. So, yeah. At least a six-part series, I’m guessing.
Discussing “why convert” requires giving a bit of a general background (insofar as possible) of a conversion, alongside a bit of a general background, by contrast, of what cradle Catholics encounter in their faith formation. I quite realize that I am generalizing here and that no one part of this can possibly suffice to describe a person’s conversion or upbringing. I trust that my cradle Catholic friends will rush to point out all my errors and omissions and bring in thoughts about just what it might mean to be a cradle Catholic (or whether that is a fair term!) – just as I hope that any convert readers will stop by to correct me on that score.
Why “Convert”?
This was a question posed by a thoughtful Facebook friend. Conversion is a phrase that in recent use, has been reserved for people, typically adults, becoming Christian, that is, those who were not previously baptized. So, some Catholic theologian converts are literally converts as adults who have never been baptized, while many others who so name themselves are not really “converts” in the same sense, if they were coming from Christian communities that practice baptism. (And it is probably worth noting that some who were baptized in other Christian communities were conditionally baptized in the RCIA process, too….) As the USCCB website explains:
Coming into full communion with the Catholic Church describes the process for entrance into the Catholic Church for men and women who are baptized Christians but not Roman Catholics. These individuals make a profession of faith but are not baptized again. To prepare for this reception, the people, who are called “candidates,” usually participate in a formation program to help them understand and experience the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church. Some preparation may be with catechumens preparing for baptism, but the preparation for candidates is different since they have already been baptized and committed to Jesus Christ, and many have also been active members of other Christian communities.
While candidates’ formation has often been merged with that of catechumens in parish RCIA (Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults) programs, it need not be so, nor does the day when candidates come into full communion with the Church ordinarily need to be the Easter Vigil. (I came into full communion on the Feast of Christ the King, for example.)
Further, to use the term “convert” can confuse an important ecumenical point, which is that baptisms in most Protestant denominations are seen as valid, where water and the Trinitarian formula were used. (That is to say, most candidates these days would not have undergone a conditional baptism.)
So, canonically and ritually, there’s not a reason to name people as converts, or so some of the wisdom goes.
Yet “coming into full communion” is a rather clunky term, and while it is truthful in a variety of ways, it doesn’t quite do justice to the kinds of serious turnings, about faces, and turning away from other communions that people do, even if they have already been baptized. People use the term “convert” because it is a truthful way of describing the world (not to get too Wittgensteinian here….)
Converting From…
When we speak of “converting from” in a general sense, it’s perhaps most helpful to name the context of contemporary American religion. Today’s theologian converts are obviously not the first set of converts, but we’ve converted in a particular time and place. My colleague Bill Portier has written pretty well about the sense of things in American religion: we’re living in a time and place when religion is voluntaristic. The idea of being able to choose one’s religiosity is a distinctive feature of contemporary life. But in addition, he would say that we’re seeing, still, the effects of modernity. Some of the contemporary questions people have in relation to faith are at least a couple centuries’ old: the relationship between faith and reason post-Enlightenment, and between science and religion (as one particular avenue where such faith/reason questions arise). Part of the difference now, however, is a loss of sub-culture. While Portier specifically discusses a loss of Catholic subculture in his essay “Here Come the Evangelical Catholics,” of course Protestant historians have also noted a loss of subcultures in mainline Protestantism, and (perhaps) the development of certain subcultures in Evangelical Protestantism. Subcultures that formed peoples’ identity and relationships give way to a mobile and global culture, one in which pluralism is an experienced, regular part of life. There is still the need for identity formation, but in the relative absence of subcultures and in the presence of now a wide palette of religious options, it looks like the main choice is to choose to forge one’s own path, religiously.
To all of this should now be added the impact of a technological age. I tend to agree with Heidi Campbell’s argument, that what we see online is an intensified version of religious exploration offline:
What the internet does is make the practices of “pic-n-mix” religiosity mainstream, as the process of mixing multiple sources or forms of spiritual self-expression, once done by individuals in private or on the fringes, becomes more accessible and visible to the wider culture.
Even if practiced online, however, religious practice is in decline, and the internet is a probable cause, according to an MIT study released last month.
Many times, theologians and others have looked on this landscape with a large degree of suspicion – one example is Robert Bellah’s famous discussion of Sheila-ism, related to being “spiritual but not religious” (SBNR) , where Bellah describes how SBNR devolves into each person having, essentially, his or her own “religion” is one example. Bellah’s concern is not only individualism, but the ways this kind of thinking obscures how people’s faith and beliefs are formed, and also obscures the ways in which people rely on and make use of communities.
Given this kind of landscape, it is tempting to describe conversion in the following ways:
1)To see conversion as part of an individual’s romp through American religion, with Catholicism being one of presumably many stops. On the face of it, there are plenty of examples of people “converting” into Catholicism, having grown up first atheist, then being baptized into a non-denominational Christian community, then going Anglican, and then becoming Catholic. There are further examples of people not making Catholicism their final stop, leaving for the Orthodox, or atheism, or non-theistic contemplative traditions.
2) To see conversion as the antidote to the kind of religious anxiety and constant questioning, especially via individual choices a person feels need to be considered, alongside the questions that pluralism raises about what is true in religious faith. To become Catholic seems, for many onlookers, to become committed to an institution that is authoritarian and hierarchical, and that enables the constant questions to stop. On the face of it, there are again plenty of examples of people who would fit this kind of narrative. The difficulty here is that Catholicism is not short of questions (as one mentor of mine put it when I was in the throes of converting – “It’s not that the questions go away, but that you are presented with a different range of questions.”
I would go on to say that if conversion to Catholicism means either of these primarily, it is unclear what the word “conversion” adds to the conversation. Might as well just say, “I’m a wayfarer,” or “I’m a pilgrim,” or “I’m just on a journey” in the first instance, and might as well say “I’m seeking safety” in the second. Both are, in a sense, choices NOT to choose, NOT to have to live with one’s promises and convictions.
While I think both of the above seem like probable descriptions of coming into full communion with Rome, and descriptions that have been named in conversations about conversion, they both overlook precisely the promises and convictions that comprise a very different description of what it means to convert. In this description, conversion is less like a journey zig zagging up the proverbial spiritual mountain, and more like the promises made on a person’s wedding day. While it is possible to narrate wedding vows as promises you keep, it is also possible to narrate those vows as promises that form and keep you. They shape the person you become both instantly (you are married or confirmed where only a few seconds prior, you were not) as well as longitudinally. Conversion for many means staying put, despite the fact that questions don’t go away (indeed, could they, if one is a theologian?) and there is the possibility of greener-looking pastures showing up in the landscape.
Religious Subcultures, Revisited
Getting to the point of being able to make promises and convictions is difficult work, particularly in the current landscape. Though I think Portier is right to name the loss of religious subcultures, it is also the case that many of those subcultures still function, though to a lesser degree. I think as well that other subcultures have arisen, particularly evangelical Protestant subcultures. And, I think that American culture is increasingly dismissive of religion as a whole, which influences these various subcultures.
That is to say, the fact that I can make jokes about Kentucky fried chicken and church potlucks in some Protestant circles – and that makes sense – indicates a kind of subculture. So, too, a Catholic subculture still functions with its particular assumptions, and often in quite high contrast to Protestant subcultures with their assumptions.
To get the sense of this, it may be useful to name several of the questions and issues that converts – whether baptized in a non-Catholic Christian communion, or never baptized – might have had in the background and had to overcome in some way:
- Jesus’s body on a cross. Related: seeing statues in churches that are treated as anything other than the kind of art you’d see in a museum
- Mary, as anything other than a human who sinned just like any other human, and might as well have been Jennifer, Gertrude, or Patrizia.
- Apostolic Succession and Authority: of bishops and priests (because scripturally, you shouldn’t call anyone Father….), even in Protestant traditions that have bishops and priests, because even those traditions tend to have democratic church polity.
- What it means to be Church (e.g. Mater et Magistra?)
- The pope, and papal infallibility, especially since almost no non-Catholic person is raised to think that “infallibility” refers only to a couple specific doctrines and can only be used if certain criteria are met and the whole rest of the lecture that a no
- The questions a potential convert receives from others when he/she blunders into saying something like, “In the face of the sexual abuse crisis, how can you believe in papal infallibility? Obviously he’s a sinner like the rest of us.”
- Male authority. Obviously not all non-Catholics, but many.
- Saints. Praying to them. Talking to them. Thinking they’re best friends in heaven. Wearing medals that bear their names. The whole novena thing. Etc.
- Closely related: relics.
- Also closely related: paintings. This is similar to the first bullet point, but also somewhat distinct. For some non-Catholics, this would mean ANY painting of any kind. For many mainline Protestants, it would merely mean any painting or sculpture that doesn’t directly relate to scripture.
- While we’re on that last, scripture. The literal and metaphorical readings are the ones I learned in Sunday School. And “metaphorical” could be a pretty bad term to use in reference to the Bible, depending who the teacher was. Catholics don’t even tend to use those terms, preferring instead phrases like “plain sense” and “allegory” and “typology.”
- And, moreover, that Catholics don’t read scriptures, or sing good songs. (At least, that’s what I learned when I was growing up….)
- That Catholics can “believe in” evolution and also creation.
- Loss of Protestant subculture (For example, all the churches I attended as a kid had a donut hour after church. It was a great way to meet people. WHERE are all the Catholic donut hours?)
And finally,
- Contraception. Abortion. Gay marriage. (And in some cases, gay ordination.) I am putting this last for a reason. While I think these issues are often what get associated with theologian converts – and certainly for some, these are the key questions – for many, it is one or more (usually more) issues listed above that are a first source of consternation, with these questions being more secondarily linked to the above theology.
Another way of putting this list is: the questions that arose before, during and after the Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries are still, well, live.
I think people often to use the word “conversion” because it describes a very particular shift in thought and way of life. Conversion names these sometimes drastic and painful shifts in a way that “coming into full communion does not.” I have not named here the positive reasons for why converts would be Catholic at all – that will show up in later posts. The main point I have tried to show here is to try to account for the use of the word “conversion” in contemporary American life as it relates to becoming Catholic.
I would guess the disconnect between religion and culture would be the major conflict for converts, both within themselves and between themselves and cradle Catholics. I grew kind of in between the two as my mother only returned to her Catholic faith when I was five years old, and then weekly mass and Catechism were the only experiences of Catholicism or Catholic culture I had. I envied the shared culture of the other Catholic kids and it might be that allure that drew me deeper into the Church even as the rest of my family drifted back away. I had that experience again as an adult when I discovered the Byzantine Church (which had been hiding in my small home town my whole life; the Romans simply never acknowledged it and the Byzantines never announced themselves). I ‘transferred’ to the Byzantine Church because the liturgy and the prayer tradition felt like home to me, but I’ve encountered a lot of mystifying “old country” artifacts surrounding the religious practice and that keeps me feeling like an outsider. Since I didn’t come for the peirogis and the Slavonic I sometimes wonder what my place is here. Not unlike what a Roman Catholic of one ethnicity might feel attending a parish of another ethnicity I suppose. I can see why cradle Catholics would be suspicious of converts because while the decision to change one’s beliefs seems natural enough, the decision to willfully change one’s culture seems weird and unlikely to ever really ‘take’. But on the convert’s side I expect there is always a tangled mix of affinities to both the cultural and the religious aspects of a church that draws them in, and a set of both that might always seem weird or wrong to them.
Thanks for this, Jana. I am also a convert to Catholicism (from a sort of loose Presbyterianism), and I have very consciously used the word “convert” since I started the whole process. I remember a good friend of mine suggesting I shouldn’t say “convert” because “we are all called to greater conversion of heart.” As much as that latter part is true, it seemed to overlook some meaningful aspects of my experience. A big part of why I hold onto “convert” as a descriptor is that it felt risky. It caused strife within my family, it changed some of my relationships with friends, and it contributed to the change in direction of my life. It wasn’t risky in the same way early Christian converts were at risk of genuine bodily harm, but I did put relationships and other meaningful aspects of my life at risk to become Catholic. And yes, we are all called to an ongoing conversion of heart (me included), but that didn’t seem sufficient to describe my experience.
Jana– Thank you for writing this series. As a cradle Catholic, the series has provoked many thoughts. I found myself appreciating your list at the end… and also sorting it. Roughly speaking, they seem (to me) to divide up into three categories: sensibilities, ecclesial practices & arguments, and Catholic “beliefs” full stop. Obviously, these categories overlap. But one’s thoughts about the Glory & Praise era Catholic songs and one’s thoughts about papal authority/infallibility are importantly different. Arguably, one of the problems with the Church today is a temptation to conflate all these matters, assuming (wrongly) that a different liturgical sensibility is necessarily connected to wrong beliefs. Moreover, I know many, many cradle Catholics who are (rightly) engaged in constant hang-wringing about our inability form donut-hour type fellowship in and around liturgy – I wouldn’t want to claim this lack of sociability as “distinctively Catholic,” though in many cases, this is a throwback to subculture-eras when plenty of other “social” activity happened around the parish. (This is what I meant by ecclesial practices and arguments… which in some cases overlap with sensibilities. But I also mean the sexual abuse crisis. Buying into Catholicism means one is going to get the practice problems that come with it, even though these things are obviously not “Catholicism” per se.)